Duration of dialysis increases risk of hepatitis C virus infections among hemodialysis patients in Anambra state, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections and syphilis are a major public health concern. Hemodialysis patients are at an increased risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, syphilis, and the association between these infections and hemodialysis among hemodialysis patients.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 90 hemodialysis patients. Blood samples were collected and analysed for HBV, HCV and syphilis using immunochromatographic test kits. All subjects completed a questionnaire on demographic characteristics and other risk factors. A chi-square test was used to analyse the data.
Results
The prevalence of HBV, HCV and syphilis infections was 4.4%, 6.7% and 2.2% respectively. Highest prevalence of HBV, HCV and syphilis were found in patients whose duration of dialysis were >1 year, >1 year, and 4 months to 1 year, respectively. Similarly, those who had undergone dialysis for > 10 times had the highest prevalence of these infections. The major risk factor the patients was exposed to was blood transfusion (100%), with those who had been transfused for 5 times having the highest prevalence of HBV and HCV and those transfused twice for syphilis. A significant association was seen between duration of dialysis and HCV infection (p<0.05).
Conclusion
This study has demonstrated that duration of dialysis increased HCV infection in hemodialysis patients. The prevalence of HBV, HCV and syphilis in the hemodialysis unit is a warning that universal precautions will be the next challenge for decentralised hemodialysis services.
Article Details
The journal allows the authors to hold the copyright without restrictions and allow the authors to retain publishing rights without restrictions.
References
Pozo ME, Leow JJ, Groen RS, et al. An overview of renal replacement therapy and health care personnel deficiencies in sub-Saharan Africa. Transplant International 2012;25:652-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012.01468.x.
Adeniji KA, Anjorin AS. The patterns of malignant tumors of the liver in a tertiary health institution in Nigeria. Afr J Med Sci 2004;33:27-30.
Maheshwari A, Thuluvath PJ. Management of acute hepatitis C. Clin Liver Dis 2010;14:169-76. doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.007.
Bhate P, Saraf N, Parikh Pet al. Cross sectional study of prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in a rural village of India. Arq Gastroenterol 2015;52:321-4. doi: 10.1590/S0004-28032015000400013.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC guidance for evaluating health-care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering postexposure management. Atlanta, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;2013.
Suk TK, Kim DJ. Drug induced liver injury: present and the future. Clin Mol Hepatol 2012;18:249-57. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2012.18.3.249.
Kent ME, Romanelli F. Reexamining syphilis: an update on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:226–36. doi: 10.1345/aph.1K086.
Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries. Lancet 2015;386:743–800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4.
Duong CM, Olszyna DP, McLaws ML. Hepatitis B and C virus infections among patients with end stage renal disease in a low-resourced hemodialysis center in Vietnam: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2015;15:192. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1532-9.
Su Y, Yan R, Duan Z, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C and B virus infections in hemodialysis patients and their spouses: a multicenter study in Beijing, China. J Med Virol 2013;85:425–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23486.
Harfouche M, Chemaitelly H, Mahmud S, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus among hemodialysis patients in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic syntheses, meta-analyses, and meta-regressions. Epidemiol Infect 2017;145:3243–63. doi: 10.1017/S0950268817002242.
Luma HN, Halle MP, Eloumou SAFB, et al. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses among hemodialysis patients in two newly opened centres in Cameroon. Pan African Medical J 2017;27:235. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2017.27.235.13121.
Fabrizi F, Martin P, Messa P. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus in chronic kidney disease. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2010;73:465-71.
Delarocque-Astagneau E, Baffoy N, Thiers V, et al. Outbreak of hepatitis C virus infection in a hemodialysis unit: potential transmission by hemodialysis machine. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23:328-34.
Alashek WA, McIntyre CW, Taal MW. Hepatitis B and C infection in hemodialysis patients in Libya: prevalence, incidence and risk factors. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:265. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-265.
Reddy GA, Dakshinamurthy KV, Neelaprasad P, et al. Prevalence of HBV and HCV dual infection in patients on hemodialysis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2005;23:41-43.
Malhotra R, Soin D, Grover P, Galhotra S, Khutan H, Kau N. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infection in hemodialysis patients: a retrospective study from a tertiary care hospital of North India. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2016;7:72–7. doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.175076.
Ummate I, Kida IM, Baki B, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among hemodialysis patients in North-Eastern Nigeria. Tropical J Nephrol 2013;8:7-11.
Ashkani-Esfahan S, Alavian SM, Salehi-Marzijarani M. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among hemodialysis patients in the Middle-East: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2017;23:151-66. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.151.
Dahmani O, Belkhalfa S, Ayad KA, et al. Late latent syphilis in two hemodialysis units. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2013;24:124-127.