Vol. 20 No. 2, Page 57-107

May 2, 2001

Bacterial diarrhoea : the aetiology and the Antibiotika sensitivity in two community health centres in Jakarta

By Paul Buktiwetan*, Julius E.Surjawidjaja*,Oktavianus Ch.Salim**,Mahyunis Aidilifit*, dan Murad Lesmana

This study was conducted to describe the cause and performance of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial diarrhea. A total of 1006 rectal swab samples has been collected from diarrhea patients in two subdisricts Puskesmas Mampang. South Jakarta and Puskemas Tambora, West Jakarta, during April 1998 through Agustus 1999. Enteric pathogens isolated comprised of Shigella 4.1% (S. flexneri 3.2%, S.sonnei 0.8%, S.dysenteriae 0.1%), Salmonella 0.9% (Salmonella group A0.1% Salmonella group B 0.3%, Salmonella group C 0.1%, Salmonella group D 0.1% and Salmonella group E. 0.3%) Compylobcter jejuni 0.7% and Vibrio parahaemolyticus 0.1%. The highest number of cases with diarrhea were children less than 14 years of age and Shigella species was the most prevalent organism among the enteric pathogens found Clinical features included fever, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Stool with blood and mucus was found only in patients infected by Shigella species and C.jejuni. Antibiotic multiresistance was found among C.jejuni only and Shigella, whereas Salmonella species was still sensitive to the antibiotics tested. Key words:Diarrhea, cause, health center, Jakarta
Language : Indonesia

Occupational health profile of informal crispy (krupuk) and cow skin crackers in South Jakarta

By Rina K. Kusumaratna * Nugroho Abikusno

The objective of this was to determine type of occupational health and safety at the work site specifically at crispy baked and cow skin cracker home industries in Cilandak district, South Jakarta. The instrument used was a aquestionnaires adopted from ILO?RI Manpower standad questionnaire which focused on health and safety hazard, and ergonomic at the work place. The surveyors did on site observation of all facilities in the crispy baked and cow skin cracker home industries. Occupational hazard in home industry can be divided into (i) physical, (ii) chemical and (iii) environmental hazards. Potential physical hazards in the crispy and cow skin cracker home industries are over heating and inadequate ventilation. Environmental hazards due to biological factor mainly focuses on water contact, soil contact and hands being always wet. Physiological hazard factors due to monotonous work situation, non-ergonomic postures of squatting, standing and carrying heavy loads. Presently, health services facilities for workers in home industry are rarely present. None of routine food safety of coloring and food preservatives topic. Finally, we recommend health promotion should be given to the informal craker industries, such as the occupational safety procedures, hygiene and sanitation of foos production and management of home industry topic. Keywords : Occupational health, informal sector, South Jakarta
Language : English

Diagnosa of bacterial vaginosis at pregnants

By Sylvia Y.Muliawan, Julius E.Suryawidjaja

Bacterial vaginosis is an abnormal condition of the vaginal ecosystem caused by high concentrations Lactobacillus as the normal vaginal flora is replaced is replaced the overgrowth of anaerobic vaginal bacterial flora. The risk of preterm delivery in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis is 3 to 8 times higher than pregnant women with normal vaginal flora. In addition to causing preterm delivery Bacteroides sp. Have also been implicated in amnionitis, post partum endometris, premature rupture of membranes, and low birth weight. Clinically, to assist a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, we need theree of these four criteria are present: (1) clue cells, (2) fishy ador on alkalinization of vaginal secretions (KOH 10%), (3) homogenous, thin, milk like vaginal disorder, (4) vaginal pH more than 4.5 (nitrazine paper). The incidence of preterm delivery and other disorders mention above can be decreased by identifying the prganisms causing bacterial vaginosis in the early second trimester of pregnancy. Key words : Bacterial Vaginosis, diagnosis, pregnant woman
Language : Indonesia

Primary prevention and trating hypertension of younger patients

By Muljadi Budisetio

High blood pressure (BP) is associated with an increased risk of developing coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, renal insufficiency, and peripheral vascular disease. Several intervention are effective to prevent hypertension, liked weight control, reduced sodium chloride intake, increased physical activity, reduced alcohol consumption, and stress management. The primary purpose of the pharmacologic treatment of hypertension is to prevent major cardiovascular complication such as stroke. The four most widely used antihypertensive drugs classes include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitiors. Controlled clinical trial have demonstrated that treatment patients with age range of 21–70 years with hydochlorothiazide, atenolol, nitrendipine, and enalpril showed no superiority of the new drug classes. The main determinant of response to different drugs is the patient’s age. Younger patients respond well to ACE inhibitiors, angiotension receptors blockers (A), and beta blockers (B). Elderly patients respond well to calcium channel blockers (C), and diuretics (D). Target blood pressure is 14-/85 and less than 50% of patients are likely to reach these targets on one drug (monotherapy). The best combinations is one of (A or B) + one of (C or D). Despite the clear benefits of trating hyperetension, this approach alone will not prevent all of the BP-related cardiovascular-renal disease in the community. Primary prevention of hypertension is a natural extension of hypertension treatment. Key words : Hypertension, pharmacologic treatment, prevention, younger patients, elderly
Language : Indonesia