Vol. 26 No. 2, Page 57-110

April 1, 2007

Comparison of MacConkey, Salmonella-Shigella, and xylose lysine deoxycholate agar for isolation of Shigella from rectal swab of diarrheal patients

By Julius E. Surjawidjaja, Oktavianus Ch. Salim, Paul Bukitwetan, Murad Lesmana

BACKGROUND

Generall, isolation of Shigella from stool specimen required differential and selective media such as MacConkey (MAC), Salmonella-Shigella (SS), xylose-lysine-deoxycholate (XLD), and Hektoen enteric (HEA). To obtain high recovery rate of enteric pathogens, a combination of moderately inhibitive and highly selective media is used. Unfortunately, none of these media were choose as the best media by clinical laboratories. The objective of this study was to compare MAC, SS, and XLD media to determine its sensitivity for isolating Shigella.

METODE

Rectal swab from diarrheal patients was cultured on MAC, SS and XLD agar and the plates were incubated at 370C, for 24 hr. Suspected Shigella colonies appeared as non-lactose fermenting were selected and subcultured in biochemical media for the identification. Serologic test for confirmation of Shigella identification was performed by using specific anti-sera from DIFCO (Difco laboratories, Detroit, MI). A software package, Epi Info version 6, (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 1027 rectal swabs from diarrheal patients were obtained and cultured on MAC, SS, and XLD agar. Overall, Shigella was isolated from 8.4% specimens, comprised of S. flexneri, 6.2%, S. sonnei, 1.9%, S. boydii, 0.2% and S. dysenteriae, 0.2%. The isolation rate for Shigella on MAC was 5.1%, on SS was 4.8%, and on XLD was 7.1%. Combination of media showed that MAC+SS yield 6.5% of Shigella isolates, MAC+XLD 8.1%, and SS+XLD 7.9%. Out of 86 positive rectal swab samples for Shigella, 20 (22.7%) isolates were recovered from XLD only, 5 (5.8%) from SS only and 6 (7.0%) from MAC only.

CONCLUSION

For isolation of S. flexneri and S. sonnei, XLD was the most sensitive media. Results of the MAC+XLD was the best differential combination and selective media for maximum isolation of Shigella.

Language : Indonesia

Profile of the severity of motorcycle injury that admitted to Emergency Department of Fatmawati Hospital

By Woro Riyadina, Ita Puspitasari Subik**

BANKGROUND

Proportion of disabilities and case fatality rates related road traffic accident injury are still high in the development countries. The objective of the study was to describe profile of fatality of motorcycle injury that entered to emergency department of Fatmawati hospital.

METHODS

The study was part of the research “Development of road traffic accident surveillance on motorcyclist“. Data were analyzed from victims of motorcycle accident who entered to emergency department of Fatmawati hospital in South of Jakarta during the month of Oktober 2005. Data collected by interview using injury registry form with victims, or witnesses.

RESULTS

Victims of motorcycle accident who admitted to emergency department of Fatmawati hospital during one month were 138 cases. The majority of victims were males (73.9%), aged between 21-30 years (43.5%), high school graduates (59.4%) and workers (55.8%). Victims who suffered mild injuries were 52.2%, severe 47.8%. Parts of the body injured were head (55.1%) with commotio cerebri 6.5%, legs (12.3%) and knee-lower leg 9.4%. Type of injuries were excoriasi (42.0%), fracture (18.0%) and superficial (14.5%). Accident in the night and speed 60 km/hour had significant differenced with the severity of motorcycle injury (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

The majority victims of motorcycle accident who admitted to emergency department of Fatmawati hospital have head injuries with excoriasi and severe condition was 47.8%.

Language : Indonesia

Profile of nonstructural glycoprotein NS1 as a diagnostic marker in dengue type 2 virus infection

By Sylvia Y. Muliawan*

BACKGROUND

Several studies in dengue on cloned or cell culture passaged in wild and attenuated virus have been performed, but each report described different sites of nucleotide and amino acid changes possibly associated with virulence. The aim of this study was to investigate protein expression of dengue type 2 virus infected C6/36 cells through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by N-terminal Edman degradation sequencing to identify target proteins.

METHODS

Two type of samples; dengue type 2 virus-infected C6/36 cells and uninfected C6/36 cells were prepared. Immobilized non-linear pH gradient strips, pH 3-10 were used in isoelectric focusing, and 10% homogeneous gels were used in Sodium dodecyl sulphate - Polyacylamide gel electrophoresis. The target protein spots were subsequently transferred onto polyvinyldifluoride membrane by western blotting and visualized by coomassie brilliant blue for N-terminal sequencing purpose.

RESULTS

This study revealed four target protein spots in dengue type 2 virus-infected C6/36 cells that were not present in uninfected C6/36 cells. The N-terminal sequencing result was D-S-G-C-V-V-S-W-K-N-K which was identical to nonstructural glycoprotein NS1 (Swissprot-database) associated with the replication process of flaviviruses.

CONCLUSION

Nonstructural NS1 might be used as a diagnostic marker and/or as a parameter to evaluate the effect of antiviral agents for dengue type 2 virus infection/replication

Language : Indonesia

The relationship between iodine consumption and goiter in schoolgirls aged 15 to 17 years

By Basuki Budiman, Iman Sumarno*

BACKGROUND

Iodine status of women in child bearing age before, during and after pregnancy is important due to the consequences of iodine deficiency on brain development. More attention should be given to group of girls 15 to 17 years of age because of their reproductive period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between iodine consumption and prevalence of goiter in schoolgirls aged 15 to 17 years.

METHOD

A cross sectional design was conducted and a total of 300 high school students in 15 to 18 years old from three district Minahasa (Mn), Bukittinggi (Bt) and Gunungkidul (Gk)of different islands were participated in this study. Thyroid volume was assessed by palpation according to WHO criteria. Sub sample from those students were examined their urine iodine concentration (UIC) and interviewed their food preferences. Salt used in the home of corresponding students was also examined using wet digestion method.

RESULTS

The prevalence of goiter was similar with the gradation of iodine concentration in urine (UIC) in these 3 districts (38.1.g/L; 24.3 .g/L and 11.6 .g/L). The quality of iodine salt comsumption in Mn (>20 ppm iodium = 56%) was highest compared to Gk and Bt districts.

CONCLUSION

Iodine consumption was related with goiter prevalence in schoolgirls 15to 17 years of age.

Language : Indonesia

Fathers help to improve breastfeeding practice: can Indonesian fathers provide the same help?

By Judhiastuty Februhartanty, Siti Muslimatun, Andi Mariyasari Septiari*

The objectives of this paper are i) to explore factors influencing practices of timely breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding with special attention on factors related to the roles of father; and ii) to elaborate possible factors influencing father’s roles in breastfeeding based on literatures from the developed world. Studies conclude that father’s roles in supporting breastfeeding include participation in decision on infant feeding mode, involvement in child care taking and household tasks, as well as being the protector and the family provider. They also explore that the quality of couple relationship, parental knowledge and attitudes, characteristics of parental function, and the burden on the family economy are barriers which discourage fathers from being supportive towards breastfeeding. Indonesian fathers may influence breastfeeding in the same way and also experience similar barriers. However, due to different exposure to norms, beliefs, and cultures, a specific study on this matter is very relevant to be carried out in Indonesia prior to any breastfeeding promotion targeted to fathers.
Language : English

Re-emergence of chikungunya: epidemiology and roles of vector in the transmission of the disease

By Suriptiastuti

Chikungunya (CHIK) fever is a disease caused by virus of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae which is transmitted to human by the bite of infected mosquito. The vector of this disease is the Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The disease was first described by Robinson and Lumsden in 1955 following an outbreak on the Makonde Plateau in 1952. Like malaria and dengue, CHIK has been endemic in Africa and Asia and has caused epidemics in those places. The clinical features of CHIK fever include sudden onset of fever, arthralgia, and rash. CHIK is a self-limiting disease. There is no specific drug therapy available, treatment of CHIK fever is supportive. Therefore, controlling the vector is an effective mean to prevent the disease.
Language : Indonesia