In the past 15 years there has been rapid advancement of genetics and anti-cancer drugs in the therapy of malignant breast cancer. Biological, risk, and prognostic factors have been better identified. Diagnostic and therapeutic methods have been rapidly developed so that mortality and the risk of breast cancer have been decreased including on women suffering from terminal breast cancer. Almost all patients with primary breast cancer can be treated with breast conserving therapy together with additional therapy with hormone and chemoptherapy to extend a patient’s survival rate. Clinicians should choose a taxane-based regimen for their patients with breast cancer based on consideration of the pharmacokinetics, clinical activity, and dosing schedule that best meets the patients’ needs. At the current time, the pharmacokinetic profile, consistent positive clinical results, and convenience of an intermittent, short-infusion schedule have made docetaxel the preferred taxane for many clinicians treating patients with breast cancer. Prevention/prophylactic measures can be done and new effective drugs with lesser side effects are being developed.

Keywords : Breast cancer, Conservation therapy

Schizandra chinensis has a well recognized history in traditaional Chinese medicine and its principal active components act against acute and chronic hepatitis, chemical hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis and degeneration of fat. Furthermore, to reduce hepatic toxity and carcinogenic effects caused by some drugs (like acetaminophen) and toxic substances. An experimental study was conduct to evaluate the effect of Schizandrine C on liver damage by paracetamol in rats. Fifty five male Sprague Dawley rats (200 g) were randomised into five groups to receive carbonmethylcellulose 5%, paracetamol, paracetamol plus schizandrine C, paracetamol plus high dose of schizandrine C, and paracetamol plus N-acetylsystein.The result showed that in comparison to the group with paracetamol plus N-acetilcystein there was a significant greater liver damage grade 3 in the paracetamol (82%), paracetamol plus high dose of schizandrine C (82%) and paracetamol plus therapeutic dose of schizandrine C (64%) groups (p < 0.001). Finding in this study suggest that the toxic effect of paracetamol on mice liver was not protected by schizandrine C

Keywords : Schizandrine C, liver, protection , paracetamol, rats

Bromelain is a crude aquaeous extract obtained from both the stem and fruit of the pineapple plant, which contains a number of proteolytic enzymes. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of bromelain were investigated. Bromelain was evaluated for anti-inflammatory effect by carrageen-induced rat paw edema. The analgesic activity was tested by acetic acid-induced writhing response and hot plate method in albino mice. Twenty adult male Balb/c mice (20-25 g) were used to evaluate the analgesic effect. And 25 male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were used to study the anti-inflammatory activy. This study showed that bromelain in doses of 10; 20 and 40 mg/kg showed 11.3; 45.1 and 56.3% inhibition of paw edema respectively at the end of three hours, and the percentage of protection from writhing was 11.1; 23.4 and 40.8% respectively. In the hot plate model, the bromelain at 20 and 40 mg/kg increased the pain threshold significantly after 30 min, 1, 2 and 4 h of administration. Bromelain showed dose-dependent action in all the experimental models. These study suggest that bromelain has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Keywords : Bromelain, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, mice, rats

Avian influenza is a contagious disease caused by avian influenza virus type A with subtype H1 to H16 and N1 to N9. This virus mainly infect poultries such as chickens, turkeys, water poultries, domestic and wild birds. Currently, this virus can also infect pigs, tigers, cats and leopards. Usually, avian influenza A virus do not infect humans, but certain subtype H5N1 and H7N7 are highly pathogen which can infect humans and result in death. There are several ways by which avian influenza A virus can infect humans from species poultries. The disease is transmitted to human by direct or indirect contact with infected poultries, through infected saliva, aerosols, discharges and contaminated farm equipments by avian influenza A virus. Until now treatment with antiviral oseltamivir and zanamavir are still effective against avian influenza A H5N1 virus. Although much progress has been achieved, there are still many area unsolved yet, such as vaccine development. At present there is no available human vaccine to prevent avian influenza disease in humans.

Keywords: Avian influenza, transmission, vaccine

Despite their importance as potential human resource, female teenager is recognized as a group that prone to iron-deficient anemia. This study aims to investigate difference in hemoglobin level increments between those who received once per week iron supplementation and twice per week supplementation among anemic students in SLTP Kota Tangerang. Design of this study is non-blinded-randomized experiment. Subjects were randomized into two groups, once per week supplementation group (40 subjects) and twice per week supplementation group (38 subjects). Supplementation of iron tablet was given for a consecutive 11 weeks. The study shows no difference found in the increment of the two groups (p=0,31). Mean hemoglobin increment in once per week group was 2.20 g/dl while in the twice per week group the increment was 2.28 g/dl. The study results was in favor of strictly monitored iron supplementation once per week since it provide similar increments in hemoglobin level compared to twice per week supplementation.

Keywords: Iron, deficiency, supplementation, anemia, adolescent

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of mortality among patients ≥ 65 years. Several studies have shown that high total cholesterol concentration is an important factor in CHD. Determination of lipid profile in the elderly will enable the lowering of lipid strategy to prevent CHD progression. The study objective was to determine the lipid profile of the older population in Jakarta. A cross-sectional study was done in 307 older persons in 15 villages in Jakarta by a structured interview, physical examination, anthropometry and lipid profile measurement. The lipid profile were categorized based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Lipid level measurements consist of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride. This study showed that more than one-half of older persons (55.4%) had normal lipid levels, and high level of total cholesterol (≥ 240 mg/dl) was 23.5%. Elderly women had total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels higher compared with elderly men except for HDL cholesterol. But HDL cholesterol level in elderly women was lower compared with elderly man. The risk of high levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in elderly women were 2 to 6 times greater compared with elderly men.

Keywords : Lipid, profile, older people, risk