Low back pain (LBP) is a frequent phenomenom found in every occupational category. The incidence and severity of low back pain were higher in women. The purpose of this study was to identify static sitting as a risk factor of low back pain. Case-control unmatched design was conducted during February – March 2003 at video-cassette women workers in X factory, Cikarang. The total sample were 298 (82 cases and 216 controls). The case was subject who had story of intermittent low back pain (LBP) by working in last 3 months with local pain, and Laseque test negative. Control was subject without LBP as criteria as the case. This study showed that static sitting for 5-90 minutes compared to 91-300 minutes, had higher risk of getting LBP for 2.35 times {Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR)=2.35; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)= 1.35-4.1}. Those employees who had underweight were identified as risk factors contributed to LBP (OR=2.20; 95% CI=1.20-4.00) . The other factors such as ages, parities, exercise, jobs, relaxation, and posture of sitting were not correlated with LBP.

Keywords : Low back pain, static sitting, women workers

Global eradication efforts have reduced the number of polio cases dramatically from 350,000 annually in 1988 to 1267 cases in 2004 and the number of countries where polio is endemic declined from 125 in 1988 to six by the end of 2003. Further progress toward interruption of transmission has continued in countries where polio were still endemic. However, in 2003, two countries in Africa experienced a resurgence of polio cases caused by wild poliovirus. The resurgence continued to spread in 2004 from the Nigeria-Niger endemic reservoir to involve a total of 14 countries that had not reported polio more then 1 year. The introduction of wild poliovirus type 1 was also reported in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia, on April 2005. Cases investigations and wide-scale immunization response are conducted by the Ministry of Health. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is minimizing the risk of re-occurrence to interrupt the virus transmission. This program for stopping transmission globally will push eradication of polio by 2008.

Keywords: Poliomyelitis, Indonesia, outbreak

Adolescence is a period when nutrient intake is of utmost importance. Not only is it a time of physical growth, but also a period when lifestyle behaviors are learned.The objective of this study was to compare nutrient intakes, physical activity levels and methods for weight control in adolescent dieters to non dieters.A cross-sectional survey was conducted in adolescents from thirteen high schools (n=1092) in West Virginia, USA. The average age of students (n=416 males, 676 females) was 15.35 years (sd=1.163, range of 14-20 years). A 40% of males and 32% of females were overweight or at-risk for overweight. More females (63%) reported dieting than males (31%). Dieters were more likely to be overweight or at-risk for overweight (55.8%) than non dieters (16%; p<0.01). Dieters had a significantly lower intake of nutrients compare to non-dieters except for the calories. Dieters were more likely to consume the recommended amounts of cholesterol, and calorie from fat, than the non dieters. Dieting behavior relatively impacted nutrient intakes. To facilitate weight loss, students need education about nutrient dense foods to ensure optimal growth.

Keywords: Nutrients intake, dieting, students

In the near future, the number of the older population in Indonesia will double in the next twenty years and will be the same or slightly more than the number of under five years children population in the next ten years. Presently, 8 of the 23 provinces in Indonesia have an aged structured population. This article will discuss the bio-psycho-social model of retirement with emphasis on the concept of ageing, healthy lifestyle behavior, concept of towards a society for ages, and bio-psycho-social model of retirement. Ageing is a natural process and it begins since an individual’s conception in the womb and ends at death, naturally or due to disease. The degree of ageing is physically shown by one’s physical appearance (biological ageing) and it is not necessarily similar to the chronological age. The bio-psycho-social aspects of retirement based on studies have been related to psychosocial changes, advantage and disadvantages, gender differences, depression, transition, adaptation, post power syndrome, and older person self esteem.

Keywords: Model, bio-psycho-social, retirement

National Health Survey 2001 showed that tuberculosis (TB) is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Directly observed treatment short-course-therapy (DOTS) strategy has been implemented in Indonesia since 1994. In practice this strategy makes the quality of the microscopic staff at health center becomes one of the critical factors. A cross sectional study was conducted at seven districts, which were Bandung, Pekalongan, Ogan Komering Ulu, Bangka, Banjarmasin, Donggala and Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS). At each district, we randomly selected 4 Microscopic Referral Health Centers (PRM) and 4 Independent Health Centers (PPM), except in district Pekalongan where only 3 PRM and in district Donggala where there was no PPM. This study found that not all PRM and PPM sampled had a microscopic staff graduated from health lab school. The worst was in district TTS where the number of alumni was zero. Direct slide test revealed that 71.4% of PRM microscopic staffs and only 33.3% of PPM staffs were relatively had good result. Validation cross check that in PRM 61.5% had error rate less than 5%, while in PPM was 25.0%.

Keywords: Directly observed treatment short-course-therapy, quality, microscopic staffs, health center

The Gold standard for the evaluation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is inulin clearance, but several technical difficulties were the limitation of this method. The most commonly used marker for GFR is serum creatinine alone or in conjunction with 24 hour urine collection for determination of creatinine clearance. These marker have several limitation include following : age, sex, muscle mass on endogenous creatinine production, dietary intake and the difficulties of 24 hour urine collection. The proposed of this study was to explore an alternatif parameter of renal function test. Fifty six patient with chronic renal failure and 53 control were analyzed for serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and serum cystatin C. The mean age of chronic renal failure patient was 64 ± 14.54 years and the control group 37.64 ± 18.72 years. The result showed that in control group serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were influence with age, sex and body mass index, but serum cystatin C was not. The normal value of cystatin C was 0.85 ± 0.13 mg / dL In chronic renal failure group there were significant correlation between level of cystatin C with creatinin clearance (p = 0.000, r = 0.69). The level of cystatin C increase higher than serum creatinine in patient with low clearance creatinine. In control group we were determined low creatinine clearance in patient with normal serum creatinine and cystatin C.

Keywords : Cystatin C, GFR, creatinine clearance